Those categories were "Continuous" and "Interrupted" (or non-continuous). In 1957, Robertson and Coope proposed the two main categories of adventitious (added) lung sounds. This changes the sound produced, from a long "E" sound to a long "A" sound ( /eɪ/). The lungs are usually air filled, but if there is an abnormal solid component due to infection, fluid, or tumor, the higher frequencies of the "E" sound will be diminished. In egophony, the person being examined continually speaks the English long-sound "E" ( /i/). This is because sound travels differently through denser (fluid or solid) media than the air that should normally be predominant in lung tissue. The whisper is not normally heard over the lungs, but if heard may be indicative of pulmonary consolidation in that area. For example, in whispered pectoriloquy, the person being examined whispers a two syllable number as the clinician listens over the lung fields. Clinicians can utilize these tests during a physical exam to screen for pathological lung disease. Pectoriloquy, egophony and bronchophony are tests of auscultation that utilize the phenomenon of vocal resonance. Other tests of auscultation A clinician auscultating the posterior lung of a patient. Wheezing and other abnormal sounds can sometimes be heard without a stethoscope. They are most often heard when a person breathes out (exhales). Wheezing: High-pitched sounds produced by narrowed airways.Usually it is due to a blockage of airflow in the windpipe (trachea) or in the back of the throat.
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